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The Imperial state of Iran, the government of Iran during the Pahlavi dynasty, lasted from 1925 to 1979. During that time two monarchs — Reza Shah Pahlavi and his son Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi — employed secret police, torture, and executions to stifle political dissent. The Pahlavi dynasty has sometimes been described as a "royal dictatorship",〔(Google search, Pahlavi royal dictatorship )〕 or "one man rule".〔(Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam ) By (ed.) Gholamali Haddad Adel, Mohammad Jafar Elmi, Hassan Taromi-Rad, p.15〕 According to one history of the use of torture by the state in Iran, abuse of prisoners varied at times during the Pahlavi reign.〔Ervand Abrahamian, ''Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran'', (University of California), 1999〕 While the shah's violation of the constitution, "trampling on the fundamental laws" and rights of Iranians, was one of the complaints of revolutionaries,〔"For Khomeini's proclamations during 1964-1973 see, ''Khomeini va Jonbesh'' (Khomeini and the Movement) (n.p., 1973), pp.1-103"] (from: Abrahamian, ''Iran Between Two Revolutions'', 1982, p.478-9)〕〔"Now that our people in recent years have awakened, risen up to gain their rights, and cried out against oppression ...", Khomeini, "Message to the Pilgrims", September 27, 1978, from ''Islam and Revolution'', 1981〕 some have suggested the Shah's human rights record fares better than that of the revolutionaries who overthrew him. According to political historian Ervand Abrahamian, "Whereas less than 100 political prisoners had been executed between 1971 and 1979, more than 7900 were executed between 1981 and 1985. ... the prison system was centralized and drastically expanded ... Prison life was drastically worse under the Islamic Republic than under the Pahlavis. One who survived both writes that four months under warden Asadollah Lajevardi took the toll of four years under SAVAK.〔source: Anonymous "Prison and Imprisonment", ''Mojahed'', 174-256 (20 October 1983-8 August 1985)〕 In the prison literature of the Pahlavi era, the recurring words had been "boredom" and "monotony." In that of the Islamic Republic, they were "fear," "death," "terror," "horror," and most frequent of all "nightmare" (''kabos'')." 〔 ==Reza Shah== The reign of Reza Shah was authoritarian and dictatorial at a time when authoritarian governments and dictatorships were common in the region and the world〔''The Age of the Dictators: A Study of the European Dictatorships, 1918-53'', D. G. Williamson〕 and Universal Declaration of Human Rights was some years in the future. Freedom of the press, workers' rights, and political freedoms were restricted under Reza Shah. Independent newspapers were closed down, political parties—even the loyal Revival party were banned. The government banned all trade unions in 1927, and arrested 150 labor organizers between 1927 and 1932.〔Ervand Abrahamian, ''Iran Between Two Revolutions'', (Princeton University Press), 1982, p.138〕 Physical force was used against some kinds of prisoners — common criminals, suspected spies, and those accused of plotting regicide. Burglars in particular were subjected to the bastinado (beating the soles of the feet), and the strappado (suspended in the air by means of a rope tied around the victims arms) to "reveal their hidden loot". Suspected spies and assassins were "beaten, deprived of sleep, and subjected to the qapani" (the binding of arms tightly behind the back) which sometimes caused a joint to crack. But for political prisoners — who were primarily Communists — there was a "conspicuous absence of torture" under Reza Shah's rule.〔Abrahamian, ''Tortured Confessions,'' 1999, p.39〕 The main form of pressure was solitary confinement and the withholding of "books, newspapers, visitors, food packages, and proper medical care". While often threatened with the qapani, political prisoners "were rarely subjected to it." 〔Abrahamian, ''Tortured Confessions,'' 1999, p.41〕 Reza Shah has been accused of violating freedom of religion and suppression of pious Muslims with a number of decrees. After violating the sanctuary of Qom's Fatima al-Masumeh Shrine to beat a cleric who had attacked his wife for alleged immodesty,〔Mackey, Sandra ''The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation'', New York : Dutton, c1996. p.181〕 he passed a law requiring everyone (except Shia jurisconsults who had passed a special qualifying examination) to wear Western clothes,〔Mackey, ''The Iranians'', (1996) p.184〕〔Abrahamian, ''History of Modern Iran'', (2008), p.93-4〕 and forbid women teachers to come to school with head coverings.〔 Public mourning observances were restricted to one day, and mosques required to use chairs for mourners to sit on during observances, instead of the mourners traditional sitting on the floors of mosques.〔Abrahamian, ''History of Modern Iran'', (2008), p.94〕 By the mid-1930s, these decrees, confiscation of clerical land holdings, and other problems had caused intense dissatisfaction among the Shi'a clergy throughout Iran,〔Rajaee, Farhang, ''(Islamic Values and World View: Farhang Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics, Volume XIII )'' (PDF), University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-3578-X〕 and after a crowd gathered in support of a cleric at the Mashed shrine denouncing the Shah's innovations, corruption and heavy consumer taxes, troops were called in. Dozens of protesting pious Muslim were killed and hundreds injured.〔Abrahamian, ''History of Modern Iran'', (2008), p.94〕〔Bakhash, Shaul, ''Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolution'' by Shaul, Bakhash, Basic Books, c1984, p.22〕 Following this incident, the Shah went further, banning the chador and ordering all citizens - rich and poor - to bring their wives to public functions without head coverings.〔Abrahamian, ''History of Modern Iran'', (2008), p.95〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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